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Photonics

 

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The photonics ?

"Light is the only physical phenomenon that makes it possible to tell the entire history of physics, and if you look at the history of sciences, light was the focus of the greatest controversies."

 

Light, wave or particle? Shedding light on the photon, a brief historical look at its ontology and the light’s photonic technologies. Optics, long viewed exclusively as the set of phenomena perceived by the eye, have undergone major upheavals in the wake of basic discoveries made throughout the 20th century, such as the photon, lasers, fibre optics. In the process, it has become a scientific and applications sector which, along with other fields like mechanics, electronics, information technology and photonics, leads to major advances in terms of economic performance and costs.

 

Optics-photonics is a field that is generating considerable renewed interest, in light of new applications, most of which arise from opto-eletronics.

 

In fact, modern optical instrumentation technologies and the considerable research currently being conducted in this field seek to replace electronic components with optical components, offering a wide range of revolutionary possibilities. These could lead to much larger memories and a significant increase in data processing speed. A case in point: recent applications of the effects of magneto-optics, which had long been known.

 

*A Day in the Life with Photonics

 

The following brief story from Harnessing Light is printed with permission by National Academy Press. It illustrates just a few ways that optical technologies impact our daily lives. That impact is rarely noticed because the optical technology in the products we use is, ironically, often invisible and because we adapt so swiftly to modern technology. Today, we pay as little attention to infrared remote controls, light-emitting diodes, and laser printers as to the mirrors that have been with us since antiquity.

 

John reached over and shut off the alarm (1) clock. He turned on the lights (2) and got up. Downstairs, he began to make his morning coffee and turned (3) on the television to check the weather (4) and (5) forecast. Checking the time on the kitchen clock (6) he poured his coffee and went to the solarium (7) to sit and read the newspaper (8).

 

Upstairs, the kids were getting ready for school. Julie was listening to music (9) while getting dressed (10). Steve felt sick, so Sarah, his mother, checked his temperature (11). Julie would go to school and Steve would stay home.

 

John drove to work in his new car (12), a high-tech showcase. He drove across a bridge (13), noticing the emergency telephones (14) along the side of the freeway. He encountered traffic signals (15), highway signs (16), and a police officer scanning for speeders (17).

 

Awaiting John in his office were several telephone (18) messages and a fax (19). He turned on his computer (20), checked some reference data on a CD-ROM (21), and printed (22) it to look at later. After copying (23) some last-minute handouts, he went to the conference room to make a presentation (24).

 

Meanwhile, Julie was walking to school. As she passed the neighbors’ house, a security light (25) came on. On the next block she passed a construction site (26) for a new apartment building, then a block of medical (27) offices. A few blocks away was the factory (28) where her uncle worked.

 

At school, Julie’s first class was biology. The students looked for microbes (29) in water samples they had collected on a nature walk the previous day. On the walk they had also done some bird-watching and taken still and video pictures (30) of the plants and wildlife. The teacher put on her glasses (31) to read Julie’s lab report.

 

At lunchtime, John left his office to do some grocery shopping. At the checkout counter (32) he paid with a credit card (33). Among his purchases were a bag of apples (34), a bottle (35) of wine, and a carton (36) of milk. Each was labeled with a bar-code (37).

 

At home, Steve was watching a movie (38) on the large-screen television (39). With her sick son occupied, Sarah connected her laptop computer to the office network (40). Modern technology let her do her work, despite having to stay home with a child --- and at least John was stuck doing the shopping.

 

(1) light-emitting diode (LED) displays
(2) energy saving compact fluorescent lamps
(3) infrared remote controls
(4) optical fibers for distributing cable television
(5) satellite-based optical weather imaging
(6) liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
(7) temperature-moderating window coatings
(8) phototypesetting

 

(9) compact disks
(10)laser fabric cutting
(11)infrared non-contact “ear” thermometers

 

(12)infrared automobile security systems; optical monitors for antilock brakes; LED, LCD, and optical fiber

dashboard displays; LED taillights
(13)optical-fiber sensors to monitor bridge integrity
(14)solar power for emergency services
(15)LED traffic lights
(16)high-reflectivity surfaces for highway signs
(17)laser traffic radar

 

(18)optical fiber telephone cables
(19)optical scanners and fax machines
(20)photolithography for making computer chips
(21)optical data storage
(22)laser printers
(23)photocopiers
(24)overhead projectors, slide projectors, laser pointers

 

(25)infrared motion sensors for home security
(26) laser range-finders/surveying equipment
(27) laser surgery, optical tools for medical diagnosis
(28) laser welding/cutting, optical stereo-lithography for rapid three-dimensional prototyping

 

(29) microscopes, magnifying lenses
(30) binoculars, cameras, video cameras
(31) eyeglasses

 

(32) supermarket bar-code scanners
(33) credit card holograms to prevent counterfeiting
(34) image recognition for produce quality control
(35) optical inspection to ensure clean bottles
(36) optical inspection for labeling and packaging
(37) bar-code readers for inventory control

 

(38) video disks and videodisk players
(39) television displays
(40) optical fiber local area networks